English as CEFR puts it!

CEFR stands for the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. It is a standardized framework used to describe and assess language proficiency levels in various languages, primarily focusing on European languages.

The CEFR is divided into six levels, ranging from A1 (beginner) to C2 (proficient), which provide a common reference point for language learners, educators, and employers to understand and communicate an individual’s language skills. These levels help to standardize language learning across different countries and institutions and are widely recognized and utilized in language education and assessment.

Each CEFR level is associated with specific language skills, such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing, as well as communicative competencies. It is important to note that the CEFR is not limited to European languages and can be applied to various languages around the world.

The levels of the CEFR are as follows:

A1: Beginner
A2: Elementary
B1: Intermediate
B2: Upper Intermediate
C1: Advanced
C2: Proficient

A1 Necessary Grammar Structures Study

Grammar Structures from Zero to A1

1. Present Simple Tense:
Used for basic statements and routines.
Example: I like coffee.

2. Articles (Definite and Indefinite):
Basic use of “a,” “an,” and “the.”
Example: I have a dog.

3. Subject Pronouns:
Basic pronouns for subjects.
Example: She is a student.

4. Possessive Adjectives:
Basic possession and ownership.
Example: My book is on the table.

5. Plural Nouns:
Forming plurals of nouns.
Example: Cats are cute.

6. Question Words (What, Where, Who, How, When, Why):
Basic questions and information-seeking.
Example: Where is the park?

7. Simple Present Tense of “To Be” (Affirmative, Negative, and Questions):
Basic introduction and description.
Example: I am a teacher.

8. Basic Prepositions (In, On, Under, Next to):
Basic location and direction.
Example: The book is on the shelf.

9. Adjectives (Basic Descriptions):
Basic use of adjectives to describe nouns.
Example: The weather is sunny.

10. Basic Conjunctions (And, But, Or):
Simple coordination of ideas.
Example: I like coffee and tea.

11. Numbers (Counting and Basic Math Operations):
Counting, quantities, and simple math.
Example: There are three apples.

12. There is/are:
Basic existence and presence.
Example: There is a cat in the garden.

13. Basic Present Continuous (Affirmative, Negative, and Questions):
Describing ongoing actions.
Example: They are playing soccer.

14. Basic Demonstratives (This, That, These, Those):
Pointing out objects.
Example: This is my car.

15. Simple Imperatives (Instructions and Requests):
Giving simple commands or requests.
Example: Please close the door.

A1-A2 Necessary Grammar Structures Study

Grammar Structures for Transitioning from A1 to A2:

1. Present Simple Tense:
Describing habits and routines.
Example: She reads books every evening.

2. Present Continuous Tense:
Talking about actions happening now or near the present.
Example: They are playing in the park right now.

3. Past Simple Tense:
Narrating past events.
Example: He visited Paris last summer.

4. Future Simple Tense:
Discussing future plans and intentions.
Example: We will go to the beach tomorrow.

5. Imperatives:
Giving commands or instructions.
Example: Please close the door quietly.

6. Question Forms:
Asking questions about various aspects.
Example: Where does she live?

7. Possessive Adjectives:
Expressing ownership.
Example: My cat is very playful.

8. Prepositions of Time and Place:
Describing when or where.
Example: The keys are on the table.

9. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives:
Comparing and contrasting.
Example: This book is more interesting than that one.

10. Adverbs of Frequency:
Talking about how often.
Example: He always arrives on time.

11. Present Continuous for Future:
Discussing future plans and arrangements.
Example: I am meeting Sarah for lunch tomorrow.

12. Modal Verbs:
Expressing ability, possibility, necessity, etc.
Example: She can speak Spanish fluently.

13. Plural Nouns:
Talking about more than one.
Example: Those are my favorite shoes.

14. Object Pronouns:
Replacing nouns as the object of a verb or preposition.
Example: Can you help me with this?

15. Simple Present Passive:
Focusing on the action rather than the doer.
Example: The book is read by many students.

16. Gerunds and Infinitives:
Using verbs as subjects, objects, or after certain verbs.
Example: I enjoy swimming in the ocean.

A2-B1 Necessary Grammar Structures Study

1. Present Perfect Tense:
Used to connect the past and present, often with an emphasis on the result.
Example: I have visited Paris twice.

2. Past Continuous Tense:
Used for actions that were ongoing in the past.
Example: She was studying when the phone rang.

3. Future Plans and Intentions (Going to):
Used to express future plans and intentions.
Example: They are going to start a new job next month.

4. First and Second Conditional:
Used to express possible future situations (if-then constructions).
Example: If it rains, we will stay indoors.

5. Reported Speech (Statements):
Reporting what someone else has said.
Example: She said that she was feeling tired.

6. Gerunds and Infinitives (with different verbs):
Understanding which verbs are followed by gerunds or infinitives.
Example: I enjoy swimming / I want to go.

7. Passive Voice (Present and Past Simple):
Understanding and using passive constructions.
Example: The book was written by an award-winning author.

8. Modals (Must, Have to, Should):
Expressing obligation, necessity, and advice.
Example: You must wear a seatbelt.

9. Expressing Purpose (to + Infinitive):
Stating why something is done.
Example: I went to the store to buy some groceries.

10. Comparative and Superlative Adverbs:
Comparing actions or situations.
Example: She studies harder than anyone in the class.

11. Expressing Contrast (although, despite, however):
Indicating opposing ideas or situations.
Example: Despite the rain, we went for a walk.

12. Future Continuous Tense:
Describing ongoing actions in the future.
Example: Tomorrow at this time, I will be working.

13. Indirect Questions:
Forming questions within sentences.
Example: I don’t know where he lives.

14. Reported Speech (Questions):
Reporting questions in indirect speech.
Example: She asked me if I was coming.

15. Expressing Purpose (so that, in order to):
Explaining why something is done.
Example: I took notes so that I could remember the information.

16. Third Conditional:
Talking about hypothetical past situations.
Example: If I had known, I would have come.

B1-B2 Necessary Grammar Structures Study

1. Present Perfect Continuous:
Describing actions that started in the past and continue to the present.
Example: She has been studying for hours.

2. Past Perfect Tense:
Expressing an action that occurred before another action in the past.
Example: By the time I arrived, they had already finished.

3. Future Perfect Tense:
Describing an action that will be completed before a specific time in the future.
Example: By next year, she will have graduated.

4. Mixed Conditionals:
Combining different conditional forms in a sentence.
Example: If I had studied more, I would be more confident now.

5. Reported Speech (Requests, Commands, Suggestions):
Reporting different types of speech acts.
Example: He suggested that she take a break.

6. Modal Perfects (Should have, could have, might have, etc.):
Expressing regret or speculation about past actions.
Example: She should have called if she was running late.

7. Passive Voice (Advanced Constructions):
Using passive voice with various tenses and structures.
Example: The project has been worked on by several teams.

8. Causative Verbs (Have something done, Get something done):
Arranging for someone else to do something for you.
Example: I had my car repaired yesterday.

9. Inversion (Negative Adverbials, Conditional Sentences):
Inverting word order for emphasis or formality.
Example: Not only did she study, but she also excelled.

10. Emphasizing Structures (It is/was, What, Do, Does, Did):
Adding emphasis to a sentence.
Example: What a beautiful painting it is!

11. Phrasal Verbs (Advanced):
Using more complex phrasal verbs in context.
Example: She broke down the problem in the meeting.

12. Subjunctive Mood (Expressing Unreality):
Expressing wishes, suggestions, or hypothetical situations.
Example: I wish he were here.

13. Reduced Adjective Clauses (Participial Phrases):
Using reduced relative clauses for conciseness.
Example: The book sitting on the table is mine.

14. Discourse Markers (Furthermore, Nevertheless, In conclusion, etc.):
Enhancing coherence and cohesion in speech and writing.
Example: Moreover, the data suggests a different trend.

B2-C1 Necessary Grammar Structures Study

1. Subjunctive Mood (Expressing Necessity, Recommendation):

• Expressing necessity, obligation, recommendation, or desire.
• Example: It’s important that he be there on time.

2. Unreal Past (Past Perfect Subjunctive):

• Expressing hypothetical or unreal situations in the past.
• Example: If I had known, I would have helped.

3. Advanced Conditional Structures (Mixed, Past Unreal, Future Unreal):

• Mastering complex conditional sentences.
• Example: If I had known you were coming, I would have baked a cake.

4. Inversion (Conditional Sentences, Emphasis):

• Inverting word order for emphasis, formality, or conditionals.
• Example: Should you have any questions, please contact us.

5. Infinitive of Purpose (In Order To, So As To):

• Expressing purpose or intention more formally.
• Example: He arrived early in order to prepare for the meeting.

6. Gerund vs. Infinitive (Advanced):

• Differentiating between gerunds and infinitives in various contexts.
• Example: I enjoy swimming, but I prefer to dance.

7. Reduced Adverb Clauses (Advanced):

• Using reduced adverb clauses to vary sentence structures.
• Example: Having finished early, she went for a walk.

8. Emphatic Constructions (Cleft Sentences, Emphatic Do):

• Adding emphasis to specific elements in a sentence.
• Example: It was John who found the solution.

9. Nominalization (Noun Clauses, -ing/-ed Forms):

• Transforming verbs and phrases into nouns for stylistic effect.
• Example: Her explanation of the theory was concise.

10. Advanced Reported Speech (Various Reporting Verbs, Tense Changes): – Reporting speech using a range of verbs and adjusting tenses. – Example: She denied having taken the money.

11. Cohesive Devices (Conjunctions, Linking Words): – Enhancing coherence and logical flow in writing. – Example: Furthermore, the data supports this hypothesis.

12. Passive Voice (Advanced Constructions): – Utilizing passive voice in complex sentences. – Example: The project has been carefully managed by a team of experts.

13. Subordinate Clauses (Advanced): – Using complex subordinate clauses to express relationships. – Example: Although he was tired, he continued working.

14. Advanced Gerund Structures (Gerund as Subject, Object, Complement): – Employing gerunds in various grammatical roles. – Example: Running marathons is his passion.

C1-C2 Necessary Grammar Structures Study

1. Advanced Subjunctive Mood (Expressing Doubt, Hypothetical Situations):

• Expressing doubt, unreal or hypothetical situations.
• Example: If I were to win the lottery, I would travel the world.

2. Reduced Relative Clauses (Participial and Infinitive Phrases):

• Using reduced relative clauses for conciseness and style.
• Example: The book on the table, written by an expert, is fascinating.

3. Inversion (Advanced Constructions):

• Employing inversion in various complex sentence structures.
• Example: Not only did she excel academically, but she also demonstrated leadership.

4. Advanced Passive Voice (Various Tenses, Voice, and Complex Structures):

• Utilizing passive voice with precision and complexity.
• Example: Having been extensively researched, the topic remains intriguing.

5. Advanced Conditional Structures (Advanced Mixed, Unreal Situations):

• Mastering intricate conditional sentences with nuanced meanings.
• Example: Had we known about the event, we would have attended.

6. Cleft Sentences (Advanced):

• Using cleft sentences for emphasis and focus.
• Example: It’s the dedication of the team that led to success.

7. Discourse Markers (Sophisticated):

• Enhancing coherence and cohesion with advanced markers.
• Example: Moreover, it can be argued that the implications are far-reaching.

8. Complex Nominalization (Extended Noun Phrases, Conversion):

• Crafting complex nominalized expressions for precision.
• Example: Her expertise in problem-solving is unparalleled.

9. Advanced Reported Speech (Varying Reporting Verbs, Focus Shifting):

• Reporting speech with precision, nuance, and focus manipulation.
• Example: She admitted to being uncertain about the outcome.

10. Stylistic Inversion and Parallelism: – Using stylistic inversion and parallel structures for impact. – Example: Never have I witnessed such a breathtaking sunset.

11. Rhetorical Questions and Direct Address: – Employing rhetorical questions and direct address for emphasis. – Example: Who could deny the importance of this achievement?

12. Elaborate Subordinate Clauses (Advanced): – Using intricate subordinate clauses to express complex ideas. – Example: Provided that the conditions are met, we can proceed.

13. Lexical Density and Variety: – Demonstrating a wide range of vocabulary and idiomatic expressions.