Reading A1 Basic User / Exercises and Quizzes

Instructions:

Read each question carefully and choose the best answer from the options provided.
Select the letter (A, B, C, or D) that corresponds to your answer.
There is only one correct answer for each question.

If a question includes the word "NOT" or "EXCEPT", be sure to select the option that does not apply to the information in the passage.

Good luck!

Passage (factual and negative factual information questions)

(Paragraph 1)
Plants rely on a variety of biological relationships to thrive, and one of the most important is their interaction with mycorrhizal fungi. These fungi form mutualistic relationships with plant roots, meaning both the plant and the fungus benefit from the association. The fungi help plants absorb essential nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, from the soil. In return, the plants provide the fungi with carbohydrates, which are produced through photosynthesis. This symbiotic relationship plays a crucial role in the survival of many plant species, particularly in nutrient-poor environments.

(Paragraph 2)
There are two primary types of mycorrhizal fungi: ectomycorrhizal fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Ectomycorrhizal fungi form a dense network around the outside of plant roots and are particularly common in trees like oaks and pines. In contrast, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi penetrate the root cells, creating structures known as arbuscules, which facilitate nutrient exchange. Scientists have found that over 80% of plant species form associations with mycorrhizal fungi, indicating their widespread significance in ecosystems.

(Paragraph 3)
One of the primary benefits of mycorrhizal fungi is their ability to enhance nutrient absorption. The fine filaments, or hyphae, of the fungi extend into the soil far beyond the plant's root system, accessing nutrients that would otherwise be unavailable. This is particularly important in infertile soils where essential minerals are scarce. Additionally, the fungi can increase the plant’s resistance to pathogens by preventing harmful microbes from invading the roots.

(Paragraph 4)
Another advantage of this relationship is improved drought resistance. The fungal network helps plants retain water by increasing the surface area available for moisture absorption. Studies have shown that plants with mycorrhizal associations require less water and can survive in arid climates better than those without such relationships. This adaptation has significant implications for agriculture, where maintaining soil moisture is essential for crop yields.

(Paragraph 5)
Despite these benefits, some human activities can negatively impact mycorrhizal fungi. Deforestation, soil disturbance, and excessive use of chemical fertilizers can reduce fungal populations and weaken plant-fungus relationships. In contrast, sustainable farming practices, such as crop rotation and reduced tillage, can help maintain healthy mycorrhizal communities. Researchers are currently exploring ways to introduce beneficial fungi into agricultural systems to improve soil health and plant productivity.

(Paragraph 6)
Understanding the role of mycorrhizal fungi in plant growth has led to new developments in conservation and agriculture. By promoting natural soil interactions, scientists and farmers can create more resilient ecosystems. As climate change continues to threaten global food production, harnessing the power of these microscopic organisms may be a key strategy for ensuring sustainable agriculture in the future.